Limits of State Action

Wilhelm von Humboldt: The Limits of State Action.

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Buchbeschreibung Paperback. Zustand: Gut. LXII, 161 p. Aus der Bibliothek von Prof. Wolfgang Haase, langjährigem Herausgeber der ANRW und des International Journal of the Classical Tradition (IJCT) / From the library of Prof. Wolfgang Haase, long-time editor of ANRW and the International Journal of the Classical Tradition (IJCT). - Einband etwas berieben, leichte Knicke im Einband, Bleistiftanmerkung auf Schmutztitel, sonst guter Zustand / binding a bit rubbed, slight creases in cover, pencil annotation on half title, otherwise good condition. - Contents Editor s Introduction editor s note NOTE ON THE PRESENT EDITION OTHER WORKS BY WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I Introduction Object of the inquiry defined an inquiry seldom prosecuted, though of the highest importance Historical view of the limits which States have practically assigned to their sphere of action Difference between ancient and modem States * On the aim of the State organization in general Should the solicitude of the State be confined to the preservation of security, or should it attempt to provide for the positive welfare of the nation? Legislators and authors in favour of the latter opinion Notwithstanding their conclusions, this question seems to require a profounder investigation This investigation can proceed only from a consideration of human nature and its highest aims. CHAPTER II Of the individual man, and the highest ends of his existence Man s highest end is the highest and most harmonious development of his powers in their perfect individuality Conditions necessary for the attainment of this end: freedom of action and a variety of situations * Closer application of these positions to the inner life of man Historical confirmation Highest principle of the whole inquiry derived from these considerations. CHAPTER III On the solicitude of the State for the positive welfare of the citizen Scope of this chapter A solicitude of the State for the positive welfare of the citizen is harmful For it creates uniformity; weakens the power and resources of the nation; confuses and impedes the reaction even of mere corporeal pursuits, and of external relations in general, on the human mind and character; must operate upon a promiscuous mass of individuals, and therefore does harm to these by measures which cannot meet individual cases; it hinders the development of individuality in human nature; it increases the difficulty of administration, multiplies the means necessary for it, and so becomes a source of manifold evils; lastly, it tends to confound the just and natural points of view from which men are accustomed to regard the most important objects * Vindication from the charge of having overdrawn these evils Advantages of an opposite system General principle Means of a State solicitude directed to the positive welfare of the citizen Their pernicious character Difference between the accomplishment of any object by the State in its capacity of State, and the same effected by the efforts of the citizens Examination of the objection that a solicitude of the State for the positive welfare of the citizen is necessary, because it might not be possible without it to obtain the same external ends, and realize the same essential results This shown to be possible, especially in the common associations of the citizens under their voluntary management This voluntary management superior to State arrangements. CHAPTER IV Of the solicitude of the State for the negative welfare of the citizen For his security This solicitude is necessary: it constitutes the real end of the State General principle: confirmed by history. CHAPTER V On the solicitude of the State for security against foreign enemies Point of view selected for this consideration Influence of war in general on national spirit and character Comparison instituted between this and its condition with us, and the institutions connected with it * Manifold evils flowing from this condition as regards man's internal development General principle. CHAPTER VI On the solicitude of the State for the mutual security of the citizens Means for attaining this end Institutions for reforming the mind and character of the citizen National education Possible extent of the means for promoting mutual security Moral means National education Is harmful, especially in that it hinders variety of development; useless, since there will be no lack of good private education in a nation which enjoys due freedom; effects too much, seeing that the solicitude for security does not necessitate an entire reformation of morals; it therefore lies beyond the sphere of political agency. CHAPTER VII Religion Historical view of the methods in which States have employed the agency of religion All State interference in religious affairs produces the encouragement of certain opinions to the exclusion of others, and gives a certain direction to the citizen General considerations on the influence of religion upon the human mind and character * Religion and morality are not inseparably connected For the origin of all religions is entirely subjective; religiousness, and the utter absence of it, may give rise to equally beneficial results for morality; the principles of morality are wholly independent of religion, and the efficiency of all religion rests entirely on the peculiar disposition of the individual; so that what operates on morality is not the sum of the dogmas of religious systems, but the form of their internal acceptation Application of these considerations to the present inquiry, and examination of the question of whether the State should make use of religion as instrumental to its ends. All furtherance of religion by the State produces, in the best of cases, legal actions only But this result is not enough, seeing that the State must bring the citizens to acquiesce in the requirements of the law, and not only conform their actions to these Moreover, this result is uncertain, or even improbable, and, at least, is better attainable by othe. Artikel-Nr. 1193842

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