Origin of the Distinction of Ranks: Or An Inquiry into the Circumstances Which Give Rise to Influence & Authority in the Different Members of Society (Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics) - Softcover

and respect claims for the Enlightenment: Liberty Press's ongoing series Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics (which saw new editions this year of John Millar's An Historical View of the English Government: From the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Revolution in 1688 and The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, Francis Hutcheson's Logic, Metaphysics, and the Natural Sociability of Mankind, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui's The Principles of Natural and Politic Law); the several books that revalue Enlightenment aspirations as they make philosophy the master key for unlocking cultural preoccupations.

Studies in English Literature
Summer 2007
Aaron Garrett has produced an excellent and incisively introduced edition of John Millar's Ranks for Knud Haakonssen's Natural Law and Enlightenment Classics series. Garrett's edition reproduces the posthumously published fourth edition of Millar's book. Published in 1806, the fourth edition was essentially a reprinting of Millar's third edition, which was the final lifetime edition of the author. It contains a life of Millar by his nephew, John Craig, which offers, as Garrett points out, a "fascinating portrait" of the intellectual milieu of Glasgow in the 1770s: "the teaching of law at the University, the great regard in which Millar was held, and his rare personal qualities" (xvii). Garrett has also helpfully included appendices of Millar's own preface to the first edition and his Lectures on Government.

Garrett's introduction also provides a helpful synopsis of Millar's arguments, emphasizing the historical dimensions of Millar's thought. What emerges is a concise description of Millar's theory of authority, or what Garrett describes as "an empirical account of how rights arise and how they change" as well as a "means to understand the historical discrepancies in the scope of authority" (x). Setting Millar's arguments for the moral foundations of cultural differences against the historical and stadial assumptions of Smith and Hume, Garrett emphasizes the elements of Millar's work that focused on familial rights. It was this emphasis which allowed Millar to set the problem of natural rights in sharp focus. "The right of father over child," for example, when examined "comparatively and historically," revealed "drastic differences" from ancient Rome to Georgian Glasgow in the "authority appropriate to the exercise of the right" (x). As Garrett poses it, the question for Millar is in essence this: "If the most basic social rights are mutable and artificial, and if man is social, what is man to make of natural rights at all? (xv). Millar addresses the problem of rights by pushing them in a "single-minded way" within an aggressively historical theoretical framework. Garrett efficiently contextualizes Millar's work against the writings of those contemporary proponents of stadial theory, placing central importance on the influence of Smith's views of rights and justice. These Millar gleaned from attending Smith's lectures on moral philosophy in 1751. Other sources for Millar's Ranksinclude Lord Kames's Historical Law Tracts(1758) which, Garrett contends, suggested a variant historical evolution of different aspects of the law, including criminal and property law.

Garrett's edition is a welcome contribution to the ever-widening debate on the historical and juridical sociology of the Scottish Enlightenment. It provides an accessible and provocative text from which to observe more carefully the complexities and subtleties of the new Scientific Whig and his efforts to qualify and situate natural law arguments within the contradictory tensions of a historically contingent and expansively divergent commercial society.

Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Spring 2006

The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks is one of the major products of the Scottish Enlightenment and a masterpiece of jurisprudence and social theory. Building on David Hume, Adam Smith, and their respective natural histories of man, John Millar developed a progressive account of the nature of authority in society by analyzing changes in subsistence, agriculture, arts, and manufacture. The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks is perhaps the most precise and compact development of the abiding themes of the liberal wing of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Drawing on Smith’s four-stages theory of history and the natural law’s traditional division of domestic duties into those toward servants, children, and women, Millar provides a rich historical analysis of the ways in which progressive economic change transforms the nature of authority. In particular, he argues that, with the progress of arts and manufacture, authority tends to become less violent and concentrated, and ranks tend to diversify. Millar’s analysis of this historical progress is nuanced and sophisticated; for example, his discussion of servants is perhaps the best developed of the ?economic” arguments against slavery.

John Millar (1735?1801) explored, through his works, the nature of English governance through a prism of the natural law tradition and Scottish philosophical history. Millar was a student of Adam Smith’s at Glasgow University and his most important immediate intellectual heir. His works provide an essential linkage to Smith.

Aaron Garrett is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Boston University.

Knud Haakonssen is Professor of Intellectual History and Director of the Centre for Intellectual History at the University of Sussex, England.